Long-term opioid use in non-cancer pain.

BACKGROUND The long-term use of opioid analgesic drugs to treat chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) is a major component of pain pharmacotherapy. The interpretation of the evidence concerning its efficacy and risks is currently debated. METHODS An interdisciplinary evidence- and consensus-based S3 guideline was updated on the basis of a systematic literature search (CENTRAL, Medline, and Scopus databases, from October 2008 to October 2013); meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (≥ 4 weeks); and a consensus procedure, as specified by the AWMF regulations, including 22 medical and psychological societies and 2 patient self-help organizations. RESULTS 119 publications were used to update the guideline, and 6 systematic reviews with meta-analyses were performed. A nominal group process was used to formulate recommendations concerning the indications and contraindications for the treatment of CNCP with opioid analgesics and the manner in which such treatments should be carried out. Opioid analgesics are an option for the short-term treatment (4-12 weeks) of chronic pain due to osteoarthritis (pain intensity, standardized mean difference [SMD]: -0.22 and -0.26), diabetic polyneuropathy (SMD -0.74), post-herpetic neuralgia (SMD -0.58), and chronic low back pain (SMD: -0.29 and -0.74). Long-term opioid treatment (≥ 26 weeks) for these diseases benefits only about 25% of patients. For other conditions, either short- or long-term treatment with opioid analgesics should be considered an individual therapeutic trial. Opioid treatment for pain is contraindicated by primary headaches and by any functional or mental disorder of which pain is a leading manifestation. CONCLUSION To minimize the risks of opioid analgesic treatment, physicians must be aware of its contraindications and must regularly reassess its efficacy and side effects. Pharmacotherapy should be combined with other types of treatment.